There is a growing need for accurate calibration of high-precision electrical and mechanical stages used for metrology, ratio frequency measurements, integrated circuits and high-tech manufacturing. The decreasing feature sizes and decreasing tolerance for errors in, for example, semiconductor manufacturing make accurate calibration and its maintenance essential.
The problem arises because modern manufacturing and measuring instruments are so precise, with repeatability in nanometers, that there are no standard measurement grids of comparable accuracy with which to calibrate them. A promising and mathematically rigorous approach for calibrating high-precision stages uses the stage to calibrate itself. This approach appears to offer many advantages, including the possibility of standardizing measurements of accuracy.

A self-calibrated measuring method is based on a self-calibration with the use of internal reference elements and quantities. After the self-calibration the measuring errors are automatically corrected by digital signal processing algorithms, so that the measuring accuracy of the resulted measuring system can be improved in comparison with that of the original measuring system.

For measuring systems with a linear input-output relation, two reference elements are usually used for the self-calibration. The measuring result is determined by a linear interpolation using the measuring and reference data of the self-calibration. For measuring systems with a nonlinear input and output relation, the self-calibration needs three reference elements. The measuring result is determined by a quadratic interpolation. The measuring errors are compensated by the interpolation. Therefore, the measuring accuracy of a self-calibrated measuring system depends only on the the tolerance of the reference elements, normally better than 0.1%.
 

Fig. 3 Accuracy improvement of the impedance measurement of an analog circuit
using the self-calibrated measuring methods

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